Sysctl

Introduction

The Linux Kernel parameters are settings that can be configured to control the behavior of the Linux kernel. They are typically used to fine-tune system performance or to enable/disable certain features.

Some examples of kernel parameters include:

Memory-related parameters: These parameters control how the kernel manages system memory, including how much memory is allocated to user processes and how aggressively the kernel caches data.

Processor-related parameters: These parameters control how the kernel interacts with the system’s processors, including how it schedules processes and how it handles interrupts.

Network-related parameters: These control how the kernel handles network traffic, including the size of network buffers and the maximum number of open network connections.

Security-related parameters: These control various security features of the kernel, such as access control and process isolation.

Kernel parameters can be set at boot time using the bootloader, modified at runtime using system tools like sysctl or by editing files in the /proc/sys directory, or compiled into the kernel itself.

Understanding and configuring kernel parameters can be useful for optimizing system performance or addressing specific issues, but it requires knowledge of the underlying system and kernel behavior. It’s important to carefully research and test any changes to kernel parameters to avoid unintended consequences or system instability.

Virtual Filesystem

A virtual filesystem is a type of filesystem that does not represent physical storage devices, but instead presents a unified interface for accessing a variety of system resources and data structures. In other words, it provides an abstraction layer that hides the underlying implementation details and presents a consistent view of the system to user space.

Virtual filesystems are often used in operating systems to provide access to non-file resources such as network sockets, process information, hardware devices, and kernel parameters. These resources are exposed as files or directories within the virtual filesystem, allowing them to be accessed using standard file I/O operations.

Virtual filesystems are implemented entirely in memory and do not require any physical storage devices. They can be dynamically generated on-the-fly or statically configured at system boot time.

Examples of virtual filesystems in Linux include /proc, which provides access to process and system information, and /sys, which exposes system hardware devices and kernel parameters.

Virtual filesystems provide a flexible and extensible mechanism for organizing and accessing system resources, and they have become an essential component of modern operating systems.

/proc/sys Virtual Filesystem

/proc/sys is a virtual filesystem in the Linux operating system that exposes various kernel parameters and system information to user space. It is implemented as part of the procfs filesystem, which is a virtual filesystem that provides information about processes and other system information.

/proc/sys is used to read and write sysctl values, which are parameters that control the behavior of the kernel and various aspects of the system. The sysctl values are organized in a hierarchy similar to a file system, with each value represented as a file. For example, the /proc/sys/kernel/ostype file represents the kern.ostype sysctl value, which holds the name of the operating system.

You can read and write sysctl values by reading and writing to the corresponding files in the /proc/sys filesystem. For example, you can use the cat command to read the value of a sysctl parameter:

cat /proc/sys/kernel/ostype

And you can use the echo command to write a new value to a sysctl parameter:

echo "new value" > /proc/sys/kernel/ostype

Keep in mind that some sysctl values may not be writable, and attempting to write to them may result in an error.

/proc/sys can be a useful way to examine and modify kernel parameters and system behavior at runtime, without the need to reboot the system or modify kernel configuration files. However, it is important to use caution when modifying sysctl values, as improper use can potentially cause system instability or other problems.

The values in /proc/sys do not persist reboots. If you need the values to persist, use sysctl.

Enter sysctl

sysctl is a command in Linux(Unix-like operating systems) that allows an administrator to modify kernel parameters at runtime. These parameters are specified in the form of variables in the /proc/sys/ directory, which can be accessed and modified using the sysctl command.

The sysctl command can be used to change the values of various kernel parameters, such as the maximum size of a shared memory segment, the maximum number of open file descriptors, or the maximum number of processes that a user can run. It can also be used to view the current values of these parameters.

For example, to view the current value of the maximum size of a shared memory segment, you can use the following command:

sysctl kernel.shmmax

To change the value of the maximum size of a shared memory segment, you can use the following command:

sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=16777216

Note that the sysctl command requires root privileges to modify kernel parameters. Notice that values changed via sysctl -w ... won’t survive a reboot.

How to permanently save the value via sysctl?

To permanently save the value of a kernel parameter that you have modified using the sysctl command, you need to edit the configuration file that is used to set the value of the parameter at boot time. On most systems, this file is /etc/sysctl.conf or a file within /etc/systctl.d/xx-name.conf.

For example, to set the value of the maximum size of a shared memory segment permanently, you can add the following line to the /etc/sysctl.conf file:

kernel.shmmax = 16777216

After making this change, you need to apply the new configuration by running the sysctl command with the -p option:

sysctl -p

This will apply the new values in the /etc/sysctl.conf file to the running kernel. The new values will also be used the next time the system is booted.

Alternatively, you can use the sysctl.d mechanism to override the value of a kernel parameter in a specific file under the /etc/sysctl.d directory. For example, to set the value of the maximum size of a shared memory segment permanently, you can create a file /etc/sysctl.d/99-shmmax.conf with the following content:

kernel.shmmax = 16777216

After creating this file, you need to apply the new configuration by running the sysctl command with the -p option as above.

Note that the sysctl command requires root privileges to modify kernel parameters.

More sysctl Examples

• kernel.pid_max: Controls the maximum value for the process ID (PID) of a process. A higher value allows the kernel to create more processes, but can also consume more memory for PID tables.

• net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time: Controls the time (in seconds) the kernel will wait before sending a keepalive packet to verify that a TCP connection is still active. A higher value can reduce network traffic, but may also increase the time it takes to detect a dead connection.

• kernel.sched_min_granularity_ns and kernel.sched_wakeup_granularity_ns: These parameters control the minimum time slices allocated to processes by the kernel scheduler. A smaller value can improve the responsiveness of the system, but can also increase the overhead of context switches.

• vm.dirty_expire_centisecs: Controls the time (in centiseconds) after which dirty pages will be written to disk by the kernel’s background writeback process. A higher value can improve performance by reducing the frequency of writeback operations, but can also increase the risk of data loss in the event of a crash.

• kernel.msgmax: Controls the maximum size (in bytes) of a message that can be sent or received using the System V message queue system calls. A higher value can improve the performance of message-passing systems, but can also consume more memory.

• kernel.shmmax: Controls the maximum size (in bytes) of a shared memory segment that can be created using the shmget system call. A higher value can improve the performance of systems that use shared memory extensively, but can also consume more memory.

Again, it is important to carefully consider the implications of any changes you make to the kernel configuration, as changing kernel parameters can have unintended consequences and may not always improve performance.

Example To Programmatically Use sysctl

In recent versions of the Linux kernel, support for systctl system call has been removed. Just writing to the relevant files in the /proc/sys virtual filesystem should suffice. Keep in mind that the values in /proc/sys do not persist reboots. To alter values in sysctl.d for administration purposes, look at configuration management tools like Ansible.

Here’s an example Ansible playbook that sets the net.ipv4.ip_forward kernel parameter to 1 on all hosts in a given inventory:

---
- name: Set ip_forward kernel parameter
  hosts: all
  become: yes
  tasks:
    - name: Enable ip_forwarding
      sysctl:
        name: net.ipv4.ip_forward
        value: 1
        state: present

In this example, we use the sysctl module provided by Ansible to modify the net.ipv4.ip_forward kernel parameter. The name parameter specifies the kernel parameter to modify, while the value parameter specifies the new value to set it to. The state parameter is set to present to ensure that the kernel parameter is enabled.

We also include the become: yes parameter to run the playbook with root privileges, since modifying kernel parameters requires root access.

This playbook can be run on the command line using the ansible-playbook command, specifying the path to the playbook file:

ansible-playbook set_ip_forward.yml

This playbook will modify the net.ipv4.ip_forward kernel parameter on all hosts in the inventory specified in the Ansible configuration file.

• linux
• system administration
• devops
• ansible